🌈 Interactive pH Scale Virtual Laboratory
Class X Physical Science | Acids, Bases and Salts
🎯 Learning Objectives
- Understand the meaning of pH.
- Identify acidic, neutral and basic solutions.
- Use the pH scale from 0 to 14.
- Compare the relative strength of acids and bases.
- Relate pH to hydrogen-ion concentration.
- Explore the pH of common substances.
🧪 Select a Substance
🔬 Virtual pH Laboratory
Select a substance
—
Choose a substance and click
Test pH.
Waiting for experiment...
🌈 Interactive pH Scale: 0–14
Click any number on the pH scale to explore its meaning.
🧪 Strong Acid
⚖️ Neutral
🧼 Strong Base
pH 7:
Neutral solution.
📚 What is pH?
The term pH represents the measure of the
hydrogen-ion concentration of a solution.
The pH scale generally ranges from 0 to 14.
pH < 7 → Acidic
pH = 7 → Neutral
pH > 7 → Basic / Alkaline
The pH scale generally ranges from 0 to 14.
pH < 7 → Acidic
pH = 7 → Neutral
pH > 7 → Basic / Alkaline
⚛️ pH and Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
pH = −log₁₀[H⁺]
| pH | [H⁺] mol/L | Nature |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10⁻¹ | Strongly Acidic |
| 3 | 10⁻³ | Acidic |
| 5 | 10⁻⁵ | Weakly Acidic |
| 7 | 10⁻⁷ | Neutral |
| 9 | 10⁻⁹ | Basic |
| 11 | 10⁻¹¹ | Strongly Basic |
| 13 | 10⁻¹³ | Strongly Basic |
🏠 pH of Common Substances
| Substance | Approx. pH | Nature |
|---|---|---|
| Battery Acid | 0–1 | Strong Acid |
| Stomach Acid | 1–3 | Acidic |
| Lemon Juice | 2 | Acidic |
| Vinegar | 3 | Acidic |
| Cola | 2–3 | Acidic |
| Coffee | 5 | Weakly Acidic |
| Milk | 6–7 | Slightly Acidic |
| Pure Water | 7 | Neutral |
| Baking Soda Solution | 8–9 | Basic |
| Soap Solution | 9–10 | Basic |
| Ammonia Solution | 11 | Basic |
| Household Bleach | 12–13 | Strongly Basic |
💡 Important Concept
A change of 1 pH unit represents a
tenfold change in hydrogen-ion concentration.
For example:
pH 3 has 10 times more H⁺ than pH 4.
pH 2 has 100 times more H⁺ than pH 4.
pH 1 has 1000 times more H⁺ than pH 4.
For example:
pH 3 has 10 times more H⁺ than pH 4.
pH 2 has 100 times more H⁺ than pH 4.
pH 1 has 1000 times more H⁺ than pH 4.
📝 Student Virtual Activity
- Select any substance.
- Click Test pH.
- Observe the pH value.
- Identify whether it is acidic, neutral or basic.
- Click different numbers on the pH scale.
- Move the slider and observe the changes.
- Record your observations in your notebook.
🧠 Test Your Knowledge
Which of the following has a neutral pH?
🎓 Learning Outcome
After completing this virtual activity, students will be able to explain the pH scale, classify substances as acidic, neutral or basic, compare relative acid/base strength and understand the relationship between pH and hydrogen-ion concentration.
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